Antidote: 

There is no specific antidote for α-PHP toxicity. Treatment is purely supportive, focusing on symptomatic management of hyperstimulation, psychosis, and cardiovascular stress.

Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics

Metabolism: 

α-PHP undergoes liver metabolism and elimination via urine (unchanged & metabolites).  With a 37-hour half-life, full elimination takes about 150 hours. (35)

Pyrovalerone's high lipophilicity likely facilitates its passage across the blood-brain barrier. This is further supported by evidence of high transmembrane permeability and the possibility of active transport mechanisms. (35)

Drug-Drug Interactions: 

Combining α-PHP with other stimulants (like cocaine, methamphetamine, or caffeine) increases the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes. Mixing it with depressants (like alcohol or benzodiazepines) may mask stimulant effects initially, leading to dangerously high doses.